Radiation Environment by Orbit
| Orbit轨道 | Dominant source主要来源 | TID behind 3 mm Al3 mm 铝后 TID | Notes备注 |
|---|
| LEO < 600 km, i < 60° | SAA protons南大西洋异常区质子 | 1–3 krad/yr | Mildest environment最温和 |
| LEO polar / SSO极轨 / 太阳同步 | SAA + horn electrons + GCRSAA + 极区电子 + 宇宙线 | 2–5 krad/yr | Solar-proton exposed暴露于太阳质子 |
| MEO ~20 000 km | Inner/outer belt protons+electrons内/外辐射带质子+电子 | 50–150 krad/yr | Harshest common orbit常用轨道中最恶劣 |
| GEO | Outer-belt electrons, solar protons外带电子、太阳质子 | 10–30 krad/yr | Surface charging risk表面充电风险 |
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Part Radiation Classes
| Class等级 | TID | SEL | Usage用法 |
|---|
| Commercial COTS商用 COTS | 2–10 krad | unknown未知 | Short LEO with lot testing & watchdogs短期低轨，需抽测与看门狗 |
| Automotive / industrial车规/工业级 | 10–30 krad | test needed需试验 | Smallsat mainstream小卫星主流 |
| Rad-tolerant辐射耐受 | 30–100 krad | immune-ish基本免疫 | Multi-year LEO/GEO多年低轨/GEO |
| Rad-hard (QML-V)抗辐照（QML-V） | 100–1000 krad | immune免疫 | MEO, long GEO, deep spaceMEO、长寿命 GEO、深空 |
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Solar Cycle & Other Environments
| Item项目 | Value / behaviour数值 / 特性 |
|---|
| Solar cycle太阳活动周期 | ~11 yr; F10.7 ≈ 70 (min) – 200+ (max)约 11 年；F10.7 ≈ 70（谷）– 200+（峰） |
| Solar proton events太阳质子事件 | Days-long, ~a few large events/yr at solar max持续数天，峰年每年数次大事件 |
| South Atlantic Anomaly南大西洋异常区 | Inner belt dips to ~200 km over S. Atlantic; dominates LEO dose & SEU内带在南大西洋上空下探至约 200 km；主导低轨剂量与 SEU |
| Surface charging表面充电 | GEO/auroral; mitigate with conductive surfaces & groundingGEO/极光区；用导电表面与接地缓解 |
| Internal charging内部充电 | MeV electrons (MEO/GEO storms); limit floating metal, add bleed pathsMeV 电子（MEO/GEO 磁暴）；避免悬浮金属、设泄放通路 |
| UV darkening紫外变暗 | Coating α degrades over years (see ThermTools reference)涂层 α 逐年退化（见 ThermTools 参考页） |
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Reliability Rules of Thumb
| Rule法则 | Value取值 |
|---|
| Typical unit MTBF (space electronics)宇航电子单机典型 MTBF | 10⁵–10⁶ h (≈ 11–110 yr) |
| Radiation design margin (ECSS)辐射设计余量（ECSS） | × 2 |
| Typical smallsat R(EOL) target小卫星寿命末期可靠度目标 | 0.80–0.90 (5 yr) |
| GEO comsat R(EOL) targetGEO 通信卫星目标 | ≥ 0.75–0.85 (15 yr) |
| Standards标准 | ECSS-E-ST-10-04 (env), ECSS-Q-ST-30, NASA-HDBK-4002A, MIL-HDBK-217 |
📖 How to use
- The calculators auto-fill from these values; all are order-of-magnitude for concept trades.各计算器的默认值即取自本页；均为方案权衡用的量级数据。
- For formal environment analysis use SPENVIS / OMERE / CREME96; for MMOD use ORDEM/MASTER.正式环境分析用 SPENVIS / OMERE / CREME96；碎片微流星用 ORDEM/MASTER。