Propulsion Technologies
| Technology技术 | Isp (s) | Thrust推力 | Notes备注 |
|---|
| Cold gas (N₂/butane)冷气（氮/丁烷） | 60–75 | 10 mN–1 N | Simple, CubeSat ACS简单，立方星姿控 |
| Monoprop hydrazine单组元肼 | 200–230 | 0.5–25 N | Workhorse; toxic handling主力；有毒操作 |
| Green monoprop (ADN/HAN)绿色单组元（ADN/HAN） | 230–255 | 0.1–20 N | Easier logistics测发流程简化 |
| Biprop MMH/NTO双组元 MMH/NTO | 290–320 | 10 N–500 N | GEO insertion, deep spaceGEO 入轨、深空 |
| Resistojet / arcjet电热/电弧加热 | 300–600 | 0.1–1 N | Mid Isp, simple EP中等 Isp，简单电推 |
| Hall thruster (Xe/Kr)霍尔推力器（氙/氪） | 1200–2000 | 10–300 mN | 15–25 W/mN |
| Gridded ion (Xe)栅极离子（氙） | 2500–3500 | 10–250 mN | 25–40 W/mN |
| FEEP / electrospray电喷雾 | 2000–5000 | µN–mN | Precision, CubeSats高精度、立方星 |
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Propellant Storage Densities
| Propellant推进剂 | Density密度 | Storage贮存方式 |
|---|
| Hydrazine肼 | 1004 kg/m³ | Liquid, keep > 7 °C液体，需 > 7 °C |
| MMH / NTO | 875 / 1440 kg/m³ | Liquid pair, O/F ≈ 1.6液体双组元，混合比约 1.6 |
| Xenon氙 | ≈1600 kg/m³ @150 bar | Supercritical COPV超临界复合气瓶 |
| Krypton氪 | ≈900 kg/m³ @150 bar | Cheaper, lower density便宜但密度低 |
| Butane丁烷 | 580 kg/m³ | Self-pressurizing liquid自增压液体 |
| N₂ | ≈270 kg/m³ @300 bar | High-pressure gas高压气体 |
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Typical Mission Δv
| Maneuver机动 | Δv |
|---|
| LEO injection correctionLEO 入轨修正 | 10–20 m/s |
| LEO drag make-up (500 km)LEO 阻力补偿（500 km） | 2–15 m/s/yr |
| VLEO drag make-up (<350 km)超低轨阻力补偿（<350 km） | 100–600 m/s/yr |
| LEO controlled deorbit (500 km)LEO 受控离轨（500 km） | 80–150 m/s |
| LEO altitude raise 400→700 kmLEO 抬轨 400→700 km | ≈164 m/s |
| GTO → GEO | ≈1500 m/s |
| GEO N-S station keepingGEO 南北位保 | ≈50 m/s/yr |
| GEO graveyard re-orbitGEO 坟墓轨道抬升 | ≈11 m/s |
| Plane change per degree (LEO)每度改平面（LEO） | ≈130 m/s |
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SMAD Dry-Mass Fractions
| Subsystem分系统 | % of dry mass占干重 % |
|---|
| Payload有效载荷 | 25–32 |
| Structure & mechanisms结构与机构 | 18–22 |
| Power (EPS)电源 | 17–23 |
| ADCS | 6–10 |
| Thermal热控 | 2–5 |
| TT&C + C&DH | 5–8 |
| Propulsion (dry)推进（干重） | 3–13 |
| Harness电缆网 | 5–8 |
Historical averages (SMAD); EP-heavy and imaging missions deviate. Use them to seed the Mass Budget tool.历史统计均值（SMAD）；电推与成像任务会偏离。可作为质量预算工具的初值。
📖 How to use
- The sizing tools auto-fill from these values; treat them as concept-phase placeholders.各设计工具的自动填充即取自本页；均为方案阶段占位值。
- Rule of thumb: chemical for impulsive/schedule-critical maneuvers, EP when Δv × mass makes propellant dominate — the crossover sits near a few hundred m/s for smallsats.经验法则：脉冲/时间敏感机动用化学推进，Δv×质量使推进剂占比过大时用电推——小卫星的分界约在数百 m/s。